38-561: [REDACTED] Look up MSC in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. MSC may refer to: Computers [ edit ] Message Sequence Chart Microelectronics Support Centre of UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory MIDI Show Control Mouse Systems Corporation , a former manufacturer of computer mouses MSC Malaysia (formerly known as Multimedia Super Corridor) USB mass storage device class (USB MSC) Mobile Switching Center , of
76-540: A Canadian decoration bestowed by the Monarch Metropolitan Special Constabulary , London, England Motorcycle Stability Control , an ABS variant Movimiento Scout Católico (Catholic Scout Movement), Spain Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MSC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
114-409: A Canadian decoration bestowed by the Monarch Metropolitan Special Constabulary , London, England Motorcycle Stability Control , an ABS variant Movimiento Scout Católico (Catholic Scout Movement), Spain Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MSC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
152-787: A United Nations body Marine Stewardship Council , concerned with sustainable fishing Manchester Ship Canal , England Mediterranean Shipping Company , a container shipping company MSC Cruises , a cruise line Sports [ edit ] Michael Schumacher 's abbreviation used in Formula 1 Metro Suburban Conference , athletic conference, Illinois, US Mid-South Conference , US athletic conference Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Mid Season Cup , annual international MLBB esports tournament Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Southeast Asia Cup , former tournament for regional Southeast Asia during 2017–2023 Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka) , Bangladesh Mohammedan Sporting Club (Chittagong) ,
190-737: A United Nations body Marine Stewardship Council , concerned with sustainable fishing Manchester Ship Canal , England Mediterranean Shipping Company , a container shipping company MSC Cruises , a cruise line Sports [ edit ] Michael Schumacher 's abbreviation used in Formula 1 Metro Suburban Conference , athletic conference, Illinois, US Mid-South Conference , US athletic conference Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Mid Season Cup , annual international MLBB esports tournament Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Southeast Asia Cup , former tournament for regional Southeast Asia during 2017–2023 Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka) , Bangladesh Mohammedan Sporting Club (Chittagong) ,
228-601: A branch in Chittagong Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata) Mombasa Sports Club , Kenya Other [ edit ] Air Cairo (ICAO designator), Egyptian airline Falcon Field (Arizona) (IATA code: MSC), airport in Mesa, Arizona, USA Mail services center Manpower Services Commission , a British government agency, 1974–1987 Matthews Southern Comfort , a country rock/folk rock band Member of State Council Meritorious Service Cross ,
266-476: A branch in Chittagong Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata) Mombasa Sports Club , Kenya Other [ edit ] Air Cairo (ICAO designator), Egyptian airline Falcon Field (Arizona) (IATA code: MSC), airport in Mesa, Arizona, USA Mail services center Manpower Services Commission , a British government agency, 1974–1987 Matthews Southern Comfort , a country rock/folk rock band Member of State Council Meritorious Service Cross ,
304-487: A fibroblast-like morphology. In fact, some argue that MSCs and fibroblasts are functionally identical. The study in Science, "Multilineage Potential of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells," describe how MSCs can undergo osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation ex vivo . As of November 2023, this paper has been cited over 29,000 times. The cultured MSCs also express on their surface CD73 , CD90 and CD105 , while lacking
342-518: A geological event during which the Mediterranean Sea dried up Meteorological Service of Canada Biology [ edit ] Mechanosensitive channels Mesenchymal stem cell , a multipotent stromal cell MSC (gene) , a human gene encoding the protein musculin Mammary secretory carcinoma , a rare form of the breast cancers Seafaring [ edit ] Maritime Safety Committee ,
380-412: A geological event during which the Mediterranean Sea dried up Meteorological Service of Canada Biology [ edit ] Mechanosensitive channels Mesenchymal stem cell , a multipotent stromal cell MSC (gene) , a human gene encoding the protein musculin Mammary secretory carcinoma , a rare form of the breast cancers Seafaring [ edit ] Maritime Safety Committee ,
418-437: A great capacity for self-renewal while maintaining their multipotency. Recent work suggests that β-catenin, via regulation of EZH2, is a central molecule in maintaining the "stemness" of MSC's. The standard test to confirm multipotency is differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes as well as myocytes. MSCs have been seen to even differentiate into neuron-like cells, but doubt remains about whether
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#1732851408127456-566: A group of 15 patients were injected with cultured MSCs to test the safety of the treatment. The first regulatory approvals for MSCs were granted conditional approval in 2012 in Canada and New Zealand for treating Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD) and, subsequently, in Japan to treat Crohn’s Disease-related fistula. Since then, more than 1,000 clinical trials have been conducted to treat numerous conditions. The term "mesenchymal stem cells" and what constitutes
494-963: A phone network Management saved console Corporations [ edit ] Managed service company , a UK company structure Metric Systems Corporation Mediterranean Shipping Company MSC Air Cargo , cargo airline owned by Mediterranean Shipping Company MSC Industrial Direct , formerly Manhattan Supply Company MSC Software , simulation software company, formerly MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation Education [ edit ] Master of Science , usually MSc or M.Sc. Mastère en sciences , French degree Memorial Student Center , Texas A&M University, US Mesa State College , Colorado, United States Mount Saint Charles Academy , Catholic school in Rhode Island, United States Munsang College , Hong Kong Marinduque State College, Philippines, now Marinduque State University Military [ edit ] Medical Service Corps , of
532-908: A phone network Management saved console Corporations [ edit ] Managed service company , a UK company structure Metric Systems Corporation Mediterranean Shipping Company MSC Air Cargo , cargo airline owned by Mediterranean Shipping Company MSC Industrial Direct , formerly Manhattan Supply Company MSC Software , simulation software company, formerly MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation Education [ edit ] Master of Science , usually MSc or M.Sc. Mastère en sciences , French degree Memorial Student Center , Texas A&M University, US Mesa State College , Colorado, United States Mount Saint Charles Academy , Catholic school in Rhode Island, United States Munsang College , Hong Kong Marinduque State College, Philippines, now Marinduque State University Military [ edit ] Medical Service Corps , of
570-487: A population of non-adherent MSCs that are not obtained by the direct-plating technique. Other flow cytometry -based methods allow the sorting of bone marrow cells for specific surface markers, such as STRO-1 . STRO-1+ cells are generally more homogenous and have higher rates of adherence and higher rates of proliferation, but the exact differences between STRO-1+ cells and MSCs are not clear. Methods of immunodepletion using such techniques as MACS have also been used in
608-759: A site in need of repair may be the preferred method of treatment, as vascular delivery suffers from a "pulmonary first pass effect " where intravenous injected cells are sequestered in the lungs. Further studies into the mechanisms of MSC action may provide avenues for increasing their capacity for tissue repair. The majority of modern culture techniques still take a colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) approach, where raw unpurified bone marrow or ficoll-purified bone marrow mononuclear cells are plated directly into cell culture plates or flasks. Mesenchymal stem cells, but not red blood cells or hematopoietic progenitors, are adherent to tissue culture plastic within 24 to 48 hours. However, at least one publication has identified
646-429: A variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue ). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a term first named (1991) by Arnold Caplan at Case Western Reserve University , are characterized morphologically by a small cell body with a few cell processes that are long and thin. While
684-399: Is inhibited by IL-6 and PGE2 of MSCs. The immunosuppressive effects of MSC also depend on IL-10, but it is not certain whether they produce it alone, or only stimulate other cells to produce it. MSC expresses the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which allow T-lymphocytes to adhere to their surface. Then MSC can affect them by molecules which have a short half-life and their effect is in
722-725: Is known to decrease with the age of the donor, as well as the time in culture. Likewise, whether this is due to a decrease in the number of MSCs or a change to the existing MSCs is not known. MSCs have an effect on innate and specific immune cells, and research has shown an ability to suppress tumor growth. MSCs produce many immunomodulatory molecules including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide , indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and other surface markers such as FasL , PD-L1 and PD-L2 . MSCs have an effect on macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, mast cells and dendritic cells in innate immunity. MSCs are able to migrate to
760-478: The MSC-derived neurons are functional. The degree to which the culture will differentiate varies among individuals and how differentiation is induced, e.g., chemical vs. mechanical; and it is not clear whether this variation is due to a different amount of "true" progenitor cells in the culture or variable differentiation capacities of individuals' progenitors. The capacity of cells to proliferate and differentiate
798-717: The US military forces Military Sealift Command , US Navy Military Staff Committee , United Nations body Munich Security Conference , annual international security conference A US Navy hull classification symbol: Minesweeper, coastal (MSC) Religious [ edit ] Marianites of Holy Cross Missionaries of the Sacred Heart Science [ edit ] Maryland Science Center Miles of Standard Cable , former telephony unit of loss Manned Spacecraft Center , later Johnson Space Center Mathematics Subject Classification Messinian salinity crisis ,
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#1732851408127836-609: The US military forces Military Sealift Command , US Navy Military Staff Committee , United Nations body Munich Security Conference , annual international security conference A US Navy hull classification symbol: Minesweeper, coastal (MSC) Religious [ edit ] Marianites of Holy Cross Missionaries of the Sacred Heart Science [ edit ] Maryland Science Center Miles of Standard Cable , former telephony unit of loss Manned Spacecraft Center , later Johnson Space Center Mathematics Subject Classification Messinian salinity crisis ,
874-476: The adjacent extracellular matrix is populated by a few reticular fibrils, but is devoid of the other types of collagen fibrils. These distinctive morphological features of mesenchymal stem cells can be visualized label-free using live cell imaging. The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) has proposed a set of standards to define MSCs. A cell can be classified as an MSC if it shows plastic adherent properties under normal culture conditions and has
912-487: The clonal nature of marrow cells in the 1960s. In 1970, Arnold Caplan identified certain conditions by which mesodermal cells differentiate into cartilage or myogenic (muscle) tissue and bone. An ex vivo assay for examining the clonogenic potential of multipotent marrow cells was later reported in the 1970s by Friedenstein and colleagues. In this assay system, stromal cells were referred to as colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-f). Subsequent experimentation revealed
950-473: The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in treating diseases are in clinical development around the world, particularly treating autoimmune diseases , graft versus host disease , Crohn's disease , multiple sclerosis , systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis . Many of the early clinical successes using intravenous transplantation came in systemic diseases such as graft versus host disease and sepsis . Direct injection or placement of cells into
988-434: The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), are responsible for the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of MSCs. Mesenchymal stem cells can be activated and mobilized in reaction to injury and infection. As of May 2024, a search for "mesenchymal stem cells" or "mesenchymal stromal cells" at ClinicalTrials.gov returns more than 1,760 studies featuring MSCs for more than 920 conditions. Clinical studies investigating
1026-567: The expression of CD11b , CD14 , CD19 , CD34 , CD45 , CD79a and HLA-DR surface markers. MSCs are found throughout the human body. Bone marrow was the original source of MSCs, and is still the most frequently utilized source. These bone marrow stem cells do not contribute to the formation of blood cells, and so do not express the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34 . They are sometimes referred to as bone marrow stromal stem cells . The youngest and most primitive MSCs may be obtained from umbilical cord tissue, namely Wharton's jelly and
1064-419: The free dictionary. MSC may refer to: Computers [ edit ] Message Sequence Chart Microelectronics Support Centre of UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory MIDI Show Control Mouse Systems Corporation , a former manufacturer of computer mouses MSC Malaysia (formerly known as Multimedia Super Corridor) USB mass storage device class (USB MSC) Mobile Switching Center , of
1102-597: The immediate vicinity of the cell. These include nitric oxide, PGE2, HGF, and activation of receptor PD-1. MSCs reduce T cell proliferation between G0 and G1 cell cycle phases and decrease the expression of IFNγ of Th1 cells while increasing the expression of IL-4 of Th2 cells. MSCs also inhibit the proliferation of B-lymphocytes between G0 and G1 cell cycle phases. MSCs produce several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including human cathelicidin LL-37 , β-defensins , lipocalin 2 and hepcidin . These peptides, together with
1140-436: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSC&oldid=1244094122 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages MSC [REDACTED] Look up MSC in Wiktionary,
1178-536: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSC&oldid=1244094122 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mesenchymal stem cell Mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) also known as mesenchymal stromal cells or medicinal signaling cells , are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into
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1216-522: The mandibular third molar is a rich source of MSCs. While they are described as multipotent, it is possible that they are pluripotent. They eventually form enamel, dentin, blood vessels, dental pulp, and nervous tissues. These stem cells are capable of differentiating into chondrocytes , cardiomyocytes , melanocytes , and hepatocyte ‐like cells in vitro . Stem cells are present in amniotic fluid . As many as 1 in 100 cells collected during amniocentesis are pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells. MSCs have
1254-500: The most scientifically correct meaning for the MSC initialism, has been debated for years. Most mesenchymal cell or "MSC" preps only contain a minority fraction of true multipotent stem cells, with most cells being stromal in nature. Caplan proposed rephrasing MSCs to emphasize their role as "medicinal signaling cells." Within the stem cell field, the shorthand "MSC" has most commonly now come to refer to "mesenchymal stromal/stem cells" because of
1292-631: The negative selection of MSCs. The supplementation of basal media with fetal bovine serum or human platelet lysate is common in MSC culture. Prior to the use of platelet lysates for MSC culture, the pathogen inactivation process is recommended to prevent pathogen transmission. New research titled Transplantation of human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids ameliorates spontaneous osteoarthritis in rhesus macaques Various chemicals and methods including low level laser irradiation have been used to increase proliferation of stem cell. Scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till first revealed
1330-476: The plasticity of marrow cells and how their fate is determined by environmental cues. Culturing marrow stromal cells in the presence of osteogenic stimuli such as ascorbic acid , inorganic phosphate and dexamethasone could promote their differentiation into osteoblasts . In contrast, the addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) could induce chondrogenic markers. The first clinical trials of MSCs were completed by Osiris Therapeutics in 1995 when
1368-593: The site of injury, where they polarize through PGE2 macrophages in M2 phenotype which is characterized by an anti-inflammatory effect. Further, PGE2 inhibits the ability of mast cells to degranulate and produce TNF-α. Proliferation and cytotoxic activity of NK cells is inhibited by PGE2 and IDO. MSCs also reduce the expression of NK cell receptors - NKG2D, NKp44 and NKp30. MSCs inhibit respiratory flare and apoptosis of neutrophils by production of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Differentiation and expression of dendritic cell surface markers
1406-543: The terms mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and marrow stromal cell have been used interchangeably for many years, neither term is sufficiently descriptive: The cell body contains a large, round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus , which is surrounded by finely dispersed chromatin particles, giving the nucleus a clear appearance. The remainder of the cell body contains a small amount of Golgi apparatus , rough endoplasmic reticulum , mitochondria , and polyribosomes . The cells, which are long and thin, are widely dispersed, and
1444-663: The umbilical cord blood . However, MSCs are found in much higher concentration in the Wharton's jelly compared to cord blood, which is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells . The umbilical cord is available after a birth. It is normally discarded, and poses no risk for collection. These MSCs may prove to be a useful source of MSCs for clinical applications, due to their primitive properties and fast growth rate. Adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (AdMSCs), in addition to being easier and safer to isolate than bone-marrow-derived MSCs, can be obtained in larger quantities. The developing tooth bud of
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